Chapter+1+The+Industrial+Era+(1870+-+1910)

Sports Colin LaPenta The late 1800s and early 1900s saw the beginning of many of the most popular sports played today. Football was just getting on its feet and baseball was seeing some on its first “great” players. The World Series champions in 1900 were the Brooklyn Superbas which nowadays are the Los Angeles Dodgers. The world’s most popular sports similar to today, were soccer and cricket, with horseracing, boxing, and golf not far behind. The great Babe Ruth was born in 1895 and would grow up to be arguably the best baseball player that ever lived. The Olympic Games were held Athens twice (1896, 1906), Paris (1900), and St. Louis (1904); however they were not fully recognized by the International Olympic committee. This was the first and only time the games were held 2 years in between instead of the normal 4. In the world of track and field no world record set then is even on the top 10 all time list but world records included 10.6 in the 100 meters (9.58 now), 47.8 in the 400 meters (43.18 now), and 4:12 in the mile (3:43 now). Interestingly all of these past world records would not even be a national high school record anymore. [] [] []

CULTURAL CHANGE By: Kaleigh Tierney

During the Industrial Revolution, a huge change occurred economically. Human labor was being replaced with mechanical devices. Human and animal power was being replaced by steam power. Adding steam to the transportation lead to railroad systems making goods faster and more reliable for transporting, which made America a more “unified market” Social- Before the Industrial Era, most people lived in small villages. They lived and worked with their families. The most common job was farming, although some people worked as skilled craftsmen. A law that required all grounds required to be fenced, many poor farmers ended up being bankrupt and unemployed. These people now went to work in the factories. The cities grew and expanded based on technology(metal-frame sky scrapers, elevators, and street car systems). The cities were no longer “walking cities” and as the middle class moved out, the immigrants came rushing in to be closer to their jobs in the factories. Because they had little money to begin with most immigrants could only afford tiny, dirty tenements. Because of technology and the use of gas and electric lights on streets, most people did not stay home at night. There started to be many things to do for leisure such as spectator sports, concerts, fairs and even the circus. Because more and more people were starting to go out at night, drinking became more popular. employers started to develop organized sports programs for their employees to keep them out of the bars. Education was also becoming more popular and accessible. The desire to have an education also grew to many people. Although education was not as valued as much then as it is today, it was still an ideal and they valued the opportunity to go to school if given the chance.

All of these things from Social, economical, technical and the urbanization of this time period had a great amount of affect on the American Cultural. Because of a law, having to turn from farmers from living in rural areas, then going to the city to be a factory worker was a big change for many people to go through. The technology that was developed then, seems basic now but just like this day in age when cell phones were invented there was instant access to communication which was huge, so if you could imagine the people during this time period had similar feelings. Technology and energy developments changed the way many people lived their lives.

@http://wps.ablongman.com/long_divine_appap_7/23/5930/1518184.cw/index.html http://www.ggbzw.com/Job/What_technological_social_economic_and_cultural_changes_occurred_as_the_industrial_revolution_took_hold.shtml

Fashion During the Industrial Era by Brooke Zailo (Mine got deleted and I just realized it)

During this time period fashion was considered very complex. Dress makers used skills such as ruffles, bunching up, lace, tucking, and others to bring out the details. Out of every other part of the dress, sleeves seemed to be the most focused on. Around 1870 they were normally slim-fitted and were of different fabric to the bodice but gradually expanded each year. By 1895, the sleeves had gotten so big that each dress required about 21 yards of material and in order for women to fit through doorways they had to turn sideways! After 1896 the size of sleeves decreased to make way for the new style, the S-bend, which was similar to a style in the early 1900s, where the bosom looked lower and fuller because they gathered the front area of the dress. As for the men during this time period, fashion expressed a series of "undecorated black tubes". Unlike the construction of women's fashion, men's fashion was very simply made. Most men wore traditional suits, which later was looked at as a uniform, accessorized with top hats and canes. Along with the suits the men also wore long coats or jackets during the cold months. Facial hair was extremely popular for men to sport and stayed popular until 1900 where it was still found very fashionable yet, not a necessity. The Industrial Era was the start of a growing fashion industry which later influenced American fashion. http://www.victorianweb.org/art/costume/nunn9.html  http://www.costumes.org/classes/fashiondress/IndustrialRevolution.htm  http://www.costumes.org/history/victorian/women/fashionplates/1846men1.jpg  http://www.victorianweb.org/periodicals/iln/18.jpg The Gilded Age was the second century of where fashion had become huge, following the 18th century, where many famous designers and styles made themselves. Yet, in the early 19th century and late 20th century, styles were revised and altered to fit that time period. For example, some pieces of clothing that were altered were the “crinoline”, which was a stiff fabric used to support skirts and dresses that required shape. Also, skirts were made tighter and shorter, and types of trims were changed. Dress during this time period was very uncomfortable, as were the hair styles. False hair was piled onto the head, and the hair extensions came from poor peasant girls to perfect this specific style. Styles changed and became more normal and comfortable as the time period went on, yet some styles still had the elegant beading, such as the dress above. Dress back then, looked very costume-ish. Paris had become the central role model for fashion during this era and still remains to be the fashion empire of the world today. During the next coming decades, people predicted the good design, color, hygiene, and the economic side of dress would continue. Adaria Doherty []

Citizenship David Jorge

A Citizen of the United States is defined as a person who was born in the U.S. or Puerto Rico. To be undocumented(illegal) in the United States is considered EWI, entry without inspection, or PWA, present without authorization, this is when a person has crossed the border without inspections. Even if you were not born in the U.S. you can still become a citizen by going through a process called naturalization. During the Industrial Era citizens had 15 amendments from the Bill of Rights. During this time there were many European and Asian immigrants coming to America becoming citizens. Luckily for them there were rights that helped them. Specifically amendments 13: slavery is nullified, 14: anyone born in the U.S. is a citizen regardless of skin color, and 15: citizens of any race are allowed to vote. Amendment 13 is helpful because slaves can now have freedom, can become citizens, and can live among society. 14 is helpful because when new citizens have children they will automatically become citizens. 15 is helpful because they can vote for politicians that support them. Because of the laws and benefits America offered it became a popular place to live. It offered people rights and a better chance at a good life for them and their family. With that being said, that is how citizens were effected during the Industrial Era.

Information-http://firebolt.com/constitution/amendments.html Picture-http://1sunfight.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/we_the_people-jpe.jpeg


 * International Perspective on the United States **


 * Danny Kennedy **

The time period from 1870 until 1910 happened to also include the Spanish American War, one of the most important battles ever fought concerning the United States. At that time, the United States and the Caribbean countries had become necessary economic trade partners to one another. The countries in the Caribbean had resources available to them, but not enough to satisfy living conditions on their own. Because of this, they viewed the United States as a vital source of resources. The United States had such a diverse geography, and this along with their close proximity proved that Caribbean countries could not survive with ease without the United States being there to support them.

In the Spanish American War, the United States had desired to remain neutral. They wanted to keep close ties with countries involved, and not ruin their chances of survival. Even though the United States had necessary resources available to themselves right on their home turf, they still could not remain safe without other world countries. Neutrality had convinced citizens of many countries around the world to move to America, because everybody could be themselves there. The enjoyed the fact that no matter where they were from, they would be welcomed, and not turned away from the government. This time period marked America's beginnings as a World Nation, being that they were supported by so many different countries, and others were able to be benefit from them. In the end of the war, despite a slight mishap with Germany invading neutrality American signed treaties with other nations, bringing them with closer ties to each other than ever before. A large portion of the world supported America, and wanted to immigrate here, due to so all of the freedoms, goods, and services available. All in all, many other countries wanted to be more like America.

Cuba, which was fighting for a long awaited independence from Spain expressed much gratitude for America. America was put over the edge when Spain sunk the USS Maine in the Havana harbor. America was supposedly there for a "goodwill visit." Cuba was in outrage against Spain once again, as they realized America was there doing no wrong. Finally, in the end of the war Cuba appreciated congress's efforts to help declare Cuba an independent nation from Spain.

http://www.zpub.com/cpp/saw.html



**Native Americans** The Industrial Era for Native Americans was rough. It was full of legal cases, murder and discrimination against the Indians. A large problem during the 1870’s was the hunting of buffalo out west. The native Americans needed the buffalo for food, shelter and clothing but it was slowly being take away from them. Their territory was also being taken over by American soldiers which resulted in fights and usually ended in murder of either side. On January 23 1870 173 Blackfoot Indians were murdered for the murder of Malcolm Clark and the wounding of his son. Large murders like that were very common on the Great Plains. During 1872 the native Alaskans were having a rough time when the Mining Act of 1872 was passed. This act stated that Indians in Alaska were excluded from claiming land of their own and weren’t even considered citizens. This time period had many court cases like the Winters vs. United States Supreme Court, this case involved a tribe suing a white settler for trying to block one of the main rivers which was one of their main sources of water. The court said that they created reservations for them to live on so they should be fine with water. When the 15th amendment was passed in 1871 the right to vote was recognized for men even Native American men but woman were still lesser they though this would be a step in the right direction but the Indians could not fight against stronger powers such as the government. Native Americans had to deal with a lot during this time but their journey had just begun. Sources:http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-timeline.html
 * by Madison Udall**

Women's History **By Julianna Kobus**

Women's History in America is very important because being a young women I would not doing half the things I'm able to do today. Women's History interested me because these women were raised to obey men and not have a say in anything yet they knew enough to rebel and speak their minds. In 1850 the first national women's rights convention took place in Worchester, Mass. More than 1,000 women came out to support the cause. From then on national conventions were held yearly (except for 1857) through 1860. A big year for women was in 1869. Three important months in that year were May, November and December 10th specifically. In May, two important women, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, from the Woman Suffrage Association, had a primary goal to achieve voting rights for women in means of a Congressional amendment to the Constitution. In November Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and others form the American Woman Suffrage Association exclusively focused on gaining voting rights for women through amendments to individuals state constitutions. On December 10th, the territory of Wyoming passes the first women’s suffrage law and that following year, women began serving on juries in the territory. In 1890 The National Women Suffrage Association and the American Women Suffrage Association merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association that went main stream and promotes state-by-state campaigns to allow voting rights for women. In 1893 was a year that brought women’s rights even farther than ever before. Colorado was the first state to adopt an amendment allowing women the right to vote. The following states soon followed: Utah and Idaho in 1896, Washington State in 1910, California in 1911, Oregon, Kansa and Arizona in 1912, Alaska and Illinois in 1913, Montana and Nevada in 1914, New York in 1917, and Michigan, South Dakota and Oklahoma in 1918. Although Black Women didn’t have many rights, in 1896 The National Association of Colored Women is formed. In 1903, the National Women’s Trade Union League was formed to improve wages and working conditions for women. Women will continue to fight for their freedom, rights, and make a better life for themselves. []



Photo: []

Music from the Industrial Era

During and before the Civil War, the music was mostly about politics and military events. Recognizable songs that were created at this time include Amazing Grace, I've Been Working on the Railroad, She'll be Coming Around the Mountain. During the 1870s and 1880s, temperance and woman suffrage was a great social cause. There were only a handful of songs written about a woman's right to vote but there were hundreds written about the temperance movement. They would either be militant or sentimental, often the sentimental songs being written about a drunkard's sad child.For those notinterested in temperance songs there was also drinking songs such as Gus William's waltz "Moet and Chandon", which was a major hit in the year 1870. Crime was rarely mentioned in lyrics, ironically the 1872 song "Increase of Crime' became a substantial hit. An occasional song would concern the topic of labor.

[]

Food in the Industrial Era: During the Industrial Era or Gilded Age many new things happened in the food industry. One major Law that was passed was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. This new law was put in place to insure that animals were being slaughtered in sanitary conditions and to make sure that the meat or poultry was good for human consumption. **The four primary requirements of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 were:** []
 * 1) Mandatory inspection of livestock before slaughter (cattle, sheep, goats, equines, swine, chickens);
 * 2) Mandatory postmortem inspection of every carcass;
 * 3) Sanitary standards established for slaughterhouses and meat processing plants;
 * 4) Authorized U.S. Department of Agriculture ongoing monitoring and inspection of slaughter and processing operations.

Food Labeling also became bigger in 1906. The novel The Jungle opened peoples eyes to the unsanitary and unsafe conditions in Chicago stockyards. After reading about this the public pushed for the government to set up regulations to prevent mislabeling and contaminating food. []

Americans also became more aware of healthy foods and the Best diets in the late 1800s. In 1894, the U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the first food tables and dietary guidelines for Americans. The first daily food guides appeared, in 1916 in USDA publications, consisting of five food groups: milk and meat, cereals, vegetables and fruits, fats and fat foods, and sugars and sugary foods., dietary recommendations using these food groups were released in 1917 in a government publication called “How to Select Foods. []

By Meghan Loughman and Julie Darwin

** Immigration ** By Natalie Van Fleet

During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, most immigrants where seen as poor, dirty, diseased people. What most “Native Borns” didn’t see was the reasons that they were coming. Many immigrants came to escape poverty, and religious prosecution, with dreams to obtain freedom and indulge in the many opportunities they saw ahead of them in the United States. Because there were so many immigrants coming during this time, a lot of changes were made. In 1882 The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed to prevent the large amount of cheap labor by deporting any residents found illegal. In 1891 The Immigration and Naturalization Service was founded to make laws relating to the admission, exclusion, deportation and naturalization of aliens legally and illegally in the United States. They questioned those trying to get into the country, and provided public schools for those applying for citizenship. In 1907 the Gentleman’s Agreement was passed to ensure that the Japanese government would not give passports to laborers wishing to enter the U.S.

Ellis Island was opened in 1892 in NYC; it quickly became the most settled upon place in the states. People from all over came in on large ships, where they w ere to wait in long lines to be questioned and examined before entering the country.

In 1910, Angel Island opened, just off the coast of California. It too quickly became a place for immigrants to come enter the country, though it was not as popular as Ellis Island. Most of the immigrants who came to Angel Island were Chinese.

[|http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Timeline.html#] [] []

**Technological Development & Inventions:**
 * Conor Souki**

** Through the years 1870 to 1910 there were many new inventions and improved technology. In the years 1872 to 1884, various men created new and improved tools and machines. J.S. Risdon claims ownership and creation to the metal windmill which produces energy and a faster and more productive rate. In the year of 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents the [|telephone] which is a valuable source of communication. Now people are able to call someone without writing a letter or having to go physically speak to them. In 1877 [|Eadweard Muybridge] invents the first moving pictures, or the beginning of films which starts the entertainment industry and in 1878 [|Joseph Wilson Swan] was the first to invent a sensible and efficient and long lasting electric light bulb to provide light at night when the sun goes down. [|James Ritty] invents the first ever working, automatic cash register in 1884 which is very helpful to any store owner so they can count and keep the cash in one machine and in 1885 [|Harim Maxim] creates the machine gun for the American troops to use at war. In 1886, [|Josephine Cochrane] invents a machine that keeps the materials you use to eat with sanitary; this is known as the dishwasher. 1887, F.E. Muller and Adolph Fick concocts the first ever wearable [|contact lenses] for those who’s eyesight is not great. [|Jesse W. Reno] invents the escalator for faster transportation from one floor to another in 1891. Something used almost every day by people, the zipper, invented by the American; [|W.L. Judson] invents the zipper in 1893. And in 1899, [|John Thurman] patents a motorized vacuum cleaner to get rid of any bacteria, dust or dirt on the ground. In 1902 [|Willis Carrier] invents the air conditioner to cool buildings when the heat is too strong outside and the [|lie detector] or polygraph machine is invented by James Mackenzie mostly used for convicts.1903, the [|Wright brothers] invent the first gas motored airplane which is an amazing creation for the use of transportation. In 1904 Benjamin Holt invents a tractor which harvests crops at a much faster and cheaper rate because there is no need for man to work on the crops. Something that is used everyday all over the world today, the cell phone, one of the greatest inventions of communication was invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger in 1908. All these inventions are very useful to everyone all over the world, especially in America. **** [] **

 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Zach Goldstein
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">__Economic Development of The Gilded Age__ **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Gilded Age can be defined as the period of time between 1870 and 1910 in which on the outside, everything looked to be sucessful and sound, but on the inside was corrupt and proverty stricken. The actual definition of gilded is to be painted with gold. This makes a great appearance on the outside, but it is hard to see what is truly under it. This may be very decieving for the fact that the standard of living improved for many Americans during the Gilded Age and the United States out-produced all other nations by the end of the nineteenth century. What isnt as well know is that the Gilded Age economy suffered two depressions in the 1870s and 1890s. The United States suffered a rise in bankruptcies and unemployment during these hard times. The Gilded Age was filled with stereotypes of corrupt politicians, very rich businessmen, and a multitude of poor, unemployed people. The stereotypes are somewhat true. Entrepreneurs made great fortunes, and politicians were corrupt at times, making deals with big businessmen. **


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">

The demand for labor during the Gilded Age had an important impact on the economy and the nature of work, which became tied to wages and controlled by managers. Thousands of workers would be hired into mass-production industries. This was a benefit because these industries opened up opportunities for semiskilled and unskilled workers. Labor was a commodity and cost cutting and control of shop operations became important to managers. Laborers would work ten to twelve hours a day for very low pay. They also operated unsafe machinery and suffered from high rates of accidents. **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Although the Gilded Age faced many problems, there were also many times that the economy flurished and a number of citizens were given many job oppurtunities. At a time where almost 30 million immigrants had entered the country, America experienced an economic expansion of extraordinary proportions. During the years of the development of industrialization, new positions created in trade, services, and administration continued at a fast pace. The amount of these positions doubled between 1870 and 1900. During this time, railroad track mileage quintupled throughout the country and steel production multiplied fourteen times. Overall economic growth doubled in the United States between 1870 and 1900. Living and health conditions improved during the Gilded Age as well. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Life expectancy at birth increased significantly between 1870 and 1900 and continued to grow through the rest of the Gilded age as a result of these improvements. **


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">

Manufacturing processes, technological innovation, railroads, corporations, labor, and retailing were the main components in the Gilded Age’s successful industrial economy. Railroads, for example, helped to lower the cost of shipping freight and prices of goods. Its main use for economic growth was carrying goods. Effective transportation was very important to the business of marketing a large commodity. **

[] =[]= =<span style="color: #fb0e65; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 40px;">Spanish America 1970-1910 =
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Many see the Gilded Age as only an age of industrialization, but it was also a time of the settlement of agricultural land and the exploitation of natural resources. This was considered the “Western Movement”. Since Americans had two great economic developments going for them ( Industrialization and Agriculture), they were offered good paying jobs and many business opportunities, including the chance to own a farm. The number of farms and the amount of land in cultivation more than doubled between 1870 and 1900. ** []

<span style="color: #fb0e65; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px;"> Maria Arias
**__<span style="color: #fb0e65; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 20pt;">Panamá Canal __**

During this time period the Panama Canal was built. It allows ships that need to go to Europe, Asia, or Africa to cut through Panama instead of going around Argentina which is located on the tip of South America. Constructing this Canal would decrease the amount of money and time the spent on the long voyages. This allowed trade and Travel to be faster and less expensive.

Panama used to belong to Colombia. On March 20, 1878, the French signed a treaty with the Colombian government to build the Panama Canal and became known as the Wyse Concession. In 1887 Ferdinand de Lesseps, a French engineer, began to dig a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, which was then part of Colombia. Disease and engineering problems halted construction on the canal, but a French business, the New Panama Canal Company, still held the rights to the project. Teddy Roosevelt, who at the time was President of the United States because President McKinley was assassinated, thought that having power of the sea was extremely important. He bought the rights from the company for $40 million dollars. He then offered $10 million dollars for a fifty-mile strip across the isthmus; but, Colombia refused. Roosevelt was outraged along with the Panamanian people. Impatient to build the canal, Roosevelt supported Panama’s independence movement. And he was willing to put forth a show of military force, dispatching warships to both sides of the Isthmus. Troops not only protected the railroad, but were also sent into the interior to block access from those areas. A land approach by a Colombian force of 2,000 was defeated by the Darien jungle and forced to turn back. Panama declared independence from Colombia on November 3, 1903. The newly Panamanian government accepted the U.S.A offer of $10 million dollars they gave the United States complete control of a ten-mile wide canal zone.

= = Steam shovels digging the Panama Canal Abandoned French Machinery at the Panama Canal

This is the link to the pictures and information on the Panama Canal []

The Spanish American War was fought in 1898 between the Spanish and the Americans. The United States declared war on Spain on April 21, 1898 following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in The Havana Harbor in Cuba on February 15, 1898. Along with this, the United States also supported the ongoing struggle of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines for independence against the Spanish. The war began in June when American marines captured Guantanamo Bay (which the U.S still owns today) and U.S troops landed in Simony and Daiquiri Cuba. There were many battles spread from Cuba all the way to the Philippines. The war cost both sides many lives and a lot of money. The war finally ended with the signing of Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. The end of war and signing of The Treaty of Paris established the independence of Cuba, Spain ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S, and allowed the U.S to purchase the Philippines for $20 million dollars.
 * __<span style="color: #fb0e65; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 20pt;">Spanish American War __**

I had pitcures but it wont let me paste them anymore so here is the link to them <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">**[]**

<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">**This is the link for the information** <span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">**[]**


 * Technological Development and Inventions**
 * Megan Bates**

During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, there was an increase in technology which made the industry expand. In 1872, J.S. Risdon creates a patent for the metal windmill to produce a new source of energy that created opportunities to get a quicker, safer, and more convenient ways to get energy. The very next year, Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire, which was to help the farmers keep animals in one place and not have the livestock run off. Also, it was used in prison as a way to keep prisoners in, which resulted in less people escaping.1876, Alexander Graham Bell patents the Telephone which is very helpful because it’s a better way to communicate throughout the nation, this helped business communicate with each other and it's cheaper which helped the American economy. In 1878, Joseph Wilson Swan created the light bulb which created a larger time scale for people, they could work for longer hours and it essentially made living at night safer because they can see better less chance for things to catch on fire. Also, in the next two year Gottlieb Daimler built the first four wheeled motorized vehicle which is now something majority of the world drives. The first portable motion-picture camera, the Cinematograph, was invented in 1895 which then created jobs for photographers and actors to make movies which are still highly successful. The first radio receiver was successfully received in 1901 and that enabled families to listen to the news sports and many important events when TV’s were not invented .1902 was the year air conditioners were invented and that helped families in small crowded buildings cool off and not feel suffocated and made them feel more comfortable. One of the most important inventions of this era was the manned airplane by the Wright Brothers in 1903 because now everyone can fly to a far off destination without having to go by boat or train and helped the nation become familiar with foreign marketing since it allowed a faster way to trade internationally. Another important invention of this era was the tractor in 1903 which enabled farmers to get around more efficiently on their farm and that allowed more food for animals and people to eat. A lot of these inventions improved the technological development and made America more efficient in what they did. The expansion of technology in the Industrial Era helped shape America has a whole. Alexander Graham Bell demonstrating how to use a telephone
 * Photo: http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/03/dayintech_0310**
 * http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/twentieth.htm**
 * http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/Nineteenth.htm**

Americas Roles Overseas Between 1890 and 1910 the biggest thing America did overseas was fight the Spanish American war. In Cuba from 1869 on, the Cubans’ wanted to gain their independence from Spain. Spain did not want that because Cuba ‘s capital Havana was one of Spanish biggest trade city. In 1895 Cuba tried to rebel against Spain. At this Spain started ruling with an iron fist. Spain’s plan was to deprive the Cubans of weapons by ordering residents to relocate closer to the military headquarters these areas were called “reconcentration camps.” Shortly after residents of Cuba were forced to relocate a small riot took place in Havana. The United States got involved by sending the USS Maine to the capital Havana. After just a few months there was a huge explosion on the USS Maine causing it to sink. The explosions left 266 sailors dead, this loss of life made the American citizens want to go to war. On April 21st the United States declared was against the Spanish. America easily captured both Spanish territories the Philippines and Guam. America was at first unsuccessful in their fight against Cuba but when Americans Navy came the Cubans had no chance. After just two months American forces had sunk all six Spanish ships. After the Spanish were finished with suffering defeats they wanted peace. The result of the treaty was United States gained the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. Tommy Hillebrecht http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/remember.html

<span style="color: #00a9ff; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">American Role Overseas: 1870-1910

<span style="color: #00a9ff; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Spanish-American War (1898)

<span style="color: #00a9ff; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">During 1895 and 1898, Cuba and the Philippines rose up against Spain. Spain suppressed Cuba with military force. The United States tried to keep Spain out of Cuba. They also sent the battleship, //Maine//, to protect the capital of Cuba, Havana. The battleship exploded and sank. 266 sailors died. The United Sates and Spain ordered an investigation of the ship’s sinking. Spain claimed that it was caused by the ship while the United States concluded that it was an outside force. The president of the United States, William McKinley, retold Spain to grant independence to Cuba. Spain refused and honored their traditional belief that the Spanish Empire was chosen by God and it included Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. On April 21st, United States declared war on Spain. Of course, Spain had European allies. The United States immediately formed a blockade of Havana. American triumphs forced Spain to want peace. In the end the United States gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

<span style="color: #00a9ff; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Margarita Berrio

<span style="color: #00a9ff; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/trask.html



= African Americans = = Many things happen to African Americans from 1870-1910, some good some bad. One major event was segregation on public transportation systems. In 1881 trains were segregated in Tennessee, followed by Florida in 1887, then Mississippi in 1881, then Texas in 1889, then Louisiana in 1890, followed by Alabama, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Georgia in 1891, South Carolina in 1899, then Virginia in the new century! (1900) Maryland in 1904, and Oklahoma in 1907. This was a major occurrence because it was the start of segregation in the US. Another major happening was the Carrollton Massacre on March 20, 1886. The Carrollton Massacre occurred in the courtroom of the Carrollton courthouse on May 17 when 23 african americans were shot and killed while in court. Also, throughout these year many lynchings occurred for unknown reason but an anywhere from 60 to 80 lynchings occurred a year almost. It was a big time for the blacks. = God Bless,

Swagga P http://www.vaiden.net/carrollton_massacre.html

http://rs6.loc.gov/ammem/aap/timelin2.html

Entertainment Hailey Gilbert

Much of the cultures and traditions of both the people and the theatre were introduced to the "New World." The theatre was a safe haven to the Americans, a wonderful and festive experience. In particular, there was one major theatre tour, known as the Little Theatre Movement. The movement allowed people from all over to have access to 50 theatre groups, lasting from 1912 to 1917. Some groups that participated were: the Toy Theatre in Boston, the Little Theatre in Fargo, North Dakota, and also the Little Theatre Society in Indianapolis, Indiana. These companies refused to work with extravagant props and sets, instead they relied on "the presentation of new and experimental works." The small, but brilliant movement was an amazing opportunity for those who would have otherwise had no way of attending. As crazy as it seems, many white stars would put on a blackface to resemble an African American. There were a few black stars who were able to rise against the prejudice and discrimination. Among a few, Bert Williams and his wife Ada Overton Walker had a wonderful and lucky career. Ada, alike Bert was incredibly talented especially in choreographing and acting. When her husband became sick, Ada dressed as his character and took his place on the stage. In 1904, the show The Southerners, was a large surprise and impacted the audience with the black chorus alongside the white cast. To many, African Americans didn't have the "right" to take place on the stage, but many directors begged to differ in which allowing all people to feel comfortable expressing their talents.



Ada Overton Walker (choreographer, actress), with husband Bert Walker [] History of the 1910's, Rennay Craats, pages 10-12

african american time line <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> Hiram Revels [|Fifteenth Amendment] to the Constitution is ratified, giving blacks the right to vote. [|Hiram Revels] of Mississippi is elected the country's first African-American senator. During [|Reconstruction], sixteen blacks served in Congress and about 600 served in states legislatures. [|Booker T. Washington] founds the [|Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute] in Alabama. The school becomes one of the leading schools of higher learning for African Americans, and stresses the practical application of knowledge. In 1896, [|George Washington Carver] begins teaching there as director of the department of agricultural research, gaining an international reputation for his agricultural advances. || [|Top] || [|Top] || The [|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People] is founded in New York by prominent black and white intellectuals and led by [|W.E.B. Du Bois]. For the next half century, it would serve as the country's most influential African-American civil rights organization, dedicated to political equality and social justice In 1910, its journal, //The Crisis,// was launched. Among its well known leaders were [|James Weldon Johnson], [|Ella Baker], [|Moorfield Storey], [|Walter White], [|Roy Wilkins], [|Benjamin Hooks], [|Myrlie Evers-Williams], [|Julian Bond], and [|Kwesi Mfume]. || []
 * 1877 || [|Reconstruction] ends in the South. Federal attempts to provide some basic civil rights for African Americans quickly erode. ||
 * 1879 || The Black Exodus takes place, in which tens of thousands of African Americans migrated from southern states to Kansas. ||
 * 1881 || [|Spelman College], the first college for black women in the U.S., is founded by Sophia B. Packard and Harriet E. Giles.
 * 1882 || The [|American Colonization Society], founded by Presbyterian minister [|Robert Finley], establishes the colony of Monrovia (which would eventually become the country of [|Liberia]) in western Africa. The society contends that the immigration of blacks to Africa is an answer to the problem of slavery as well as to what it feels is the incompatibility of the races. Over the course of the next forty years, about 12,000 slaves are voluntarily relocated. ||
 * 1896 || [|//Plessy// v. //Ferguson//]: This landmark Supreme Court decision holds that racial segregation is constitutional, paving the way for the repressive [|Jim Crow] laws in the South.
 * 1905 || [|W.E.B. DuBois] founds the Niagara movement, a forerunner to the NAACP. The movement is formed in part as a protest to [|Booker T. Washington's] policy of accommodation to white society; the Niagara movement embraces a more radical approach, calling for immediate equality in all areas of American life.
 * 1909 || [[image:http://i.infopls.com/images/webdubois.jpg width="150" height="184" caption="W.E.B. Du Bois"]]W.E.B. Du Bois
 * Read more: [|African-American History Timeline (Civil Rights Movement, Facts, Events, Leaders) — Infoplease.com] [] ||

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 160%;">Literature <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Literature is a window to the history of the time period, in terms of social ideals, statuses and creations. Literature of a specific time period helps people understand the way that the specific time period was in regard to the popular and unpopular trends. Popular books of the time period were The Octopus, by Frank Norris, and [|Mary Austin], The Land of Little Rain. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle is also a popular book and the author is Upton Sinclaire.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The Jungle shows how “having to work in an unsympathetically capitalist society” is taking a hold of the family and slowly killing them, it also shows how the only hope for the whole family is to work in factories, and not only have the men work but the women work also. It shows the typical struggles of an immigrant family in the early 1900’s.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The Octopus, by Frank Norris, depicts the classic struggles that farmers go though in there struggle against new technology, in this specific case the rail road system. Frank Norris depicts the struggles of a “common man” in a growing industrial and economic world.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The Land of Little Rain, by Mary Austin, is a collection of short stories that depict the life of of the southwest Americans. It introduces the element, idea, of environmental conservation along with the “sociopolitical regionalism” of the southwest.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">All these stories show the ideas that were becoming popular during the time period through short stories, poems, and chapter books.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">[]

<span style="background: white; display: block; margin: 8.25pt 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 15.6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Michael MIsdary

<span style="background: white; display: block; margin: 8.25pt 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 15.6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> __ Civil Rights of Post-Reconstruction __

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 8.25pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">After the Civil War ended in 1865, “Radical Republicans” in Congress attempted to protect blacks’ rights by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , which allowed blacks to file lawsuits against whites and sit on juries. To safeguard these rights permanently, states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment and granted citizenship black men with the Fifteenth Amendment. Congress also passed the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, which outlawed racial terrorism, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , which prohibited racial discrimination in most public places. “Radical Republicans” also tried to use the Freedmen’s Bureau to redistribute confiscated southern plantation lands to blacks in order to put them on more equal footing with white farmers. In addition to these measures, Congress sent federal troops into the South to help blacks register to vote. <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 8.25pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">By 1880, most blacks had become sharecroppers, tenant farmers who rented land from their former masters. Even though most former slaves actually preferred the sharecropping system to wage labor, it kept them bound to their white landlords in virtual slavery. Local statutes called black codes kept blacks “in their place.” These laws made “offenses” such as loitering, unemployment, and even voting. State authorities fined and arrested blacks who disobeyed these laws, so the codes effectively made racism legal. Moreover, the black codes gave the white supremacist Ku Klux Klan even more of a motive and opportunity to terrorize blacks. As a result, almost all southern blacks at the time lived in abject poverty and had no social or political rights. Many states had codes of segregation known as Jim Crow laws, which would separate blacks (everyone who wasn’t white) and whites. <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Calibri; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 8.25pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">The few educated blacks in the South, however, drove to change the “status quo”. In 1881, former slave Booker T. Washington, founded a technical college in Alabama for blacks, called the Tuskegee Institute. Washington quickly became one of the first black activists as he called on blacks to achieve economic equality with whites. A proponent of “accommodation,” Washington argued that social equality and political rights would come only if blacks first became self-dependent and improved their financial footing. Then, he argued, respect from the white community would naturally follow. On the other hand, Washington privately worked to improve blacks’ social standing, despite his publicly stated belief that “agitation of questions of social equality is the extremist folly.” He helped push for an end to segregation and supported organizations bent on securing political rights for more blacks. <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Calibri; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 8.25pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Many black activists in the North disagreed with Washington. His policy of “accommodation”, they argued, doomed blacks to an eternity of poverty and second-class citizenship. Leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois called for blacks to seek complete and immediate social //and// economic equality. Du Bois also called on blacks to develop a “black consciousness” different from that of whites. In his book written in 1903, //The Souls of Black Folk//, he argued that blacks needed to become more aware of their history, art, music, and religious backgrounds in order to understand themselves fully. The Supreme Court’s //Plessy v. Ferguson// decision in 1896 was a major setback for early civil rights activists. The decision declared that segregated public and private facilities for blacks and whites were “separate but equal,” effectively justifying Jim Crow segregation laws. The single justice who opposed the decision sharply remarked that the //Plessy v. Ferguson// decision would set back African Americans’ struggle for equality by decades. Just as significant, the Court also upheld the right of southern legislatures to levy poll taxes and give literacy tests, strategies that were meant to exclude blacks from voting. These decisions effectively legalized and spread racism throughout the North and South. <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Calibri; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 8.25pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1909, W. E. B. Du Bois and several other activists, frustrated by setbacks to the civil rights movement such as //Plessy v. Ferguson//, founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People a.k.a the NAACP. The leadership and membership of the NAACP consisted of both blacks and whites, published a monthly journal called //Crisis// and worked to gain more legal and political rights for blacks. Meanwhile, black women formed their own associations geared toward providing social services and community support. The National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, worked to improve the lives of urban black women by building settlement houses, promoting public health initiatives, and providing childcare services for working mothers. As for women suffrage many feminists tried and fought in congress, “if the blacks why not us”. Many politicians complained that,”the blacks have filled up their plates” and it would be one group at a time. Although, no legal change was made, some feminists, such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman, who wrote books on how it was like to be a women and criticized the government for not reforming laws for women. There were rear cases in which some towns allowed women to vote in local elects but nothing else was really pushed.
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 * The American Pageant Pages: 480-494, 510-511, 573-574

African American 1870-1910   Lyon gardner In the 1870s to 1910 a lot had happened. The fifth teen adementent, the reconstruction ends, the black exodus,the first black college opens, the national association for the advancement of colored people was established and more. In !870 the fifteenth ammedment was establisheted the admenedted allowed black people to vote. Also in that year Hiram revels was elected senator for missisipi he was the first black person ever to be elected. During the reconstruction six other black people were in congress. Then in 1877 the reconstruction was over. Then in 1879 the black exodus happened in which thousands of African Americans migrated to kansass. In 1881 spelman college opened it was the first college for black women. In 1909 the national association for the advancedment of colored people was established this was a association in which the most advanced colored people.